GMAT

The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT ) is a computer adaptive test (CAT) intended to assess certain analytical, writing, quantitative, verbal, and reading skills in written English for use in admission to a graduate management program, such as an MBA. The GMAT does not measure business knowledge or skill, nor does it measure intelligence. According to the test owning company, the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC), the GMAT assesses analytical writing and problem-solving abilities, while also addressing data sufficiency, logic, and critical reasoning skills that it believes to be vital to real-world business and management success.

GMAT is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admission Council. More than 5,900 programs offered by more than 2,100 universities and institutions use the GMAT exam as part of the selection criteria for their programs. Business schools use the test as a criterion for admission into a wide range of graduate management programs, including MBA, Master of Accountancy, and Master of Finance programs.

The GMAT exam is administered in standardized test centers in 112 countries around the world. On June 5, 2012, GMAC introduced an integrated reasoning section to the exam that is designed to measure a test taker's ability to evaluate data presented in new formats and multiple sources. According to GMAC, it has continually performed validity studies to statistically verify that the exam predicts success in business school programs.

According to a survey conducted by Kaplan Test Prep, the GMAT is still the number one choice for MBA aspirants despite the increasing acceptability of GRE scores.

History

In 1953, the organization now called the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC) began as an association of nine business schools, whose goal was to develop a standardized test to help business schools select qualified applicants.

In the first year it was offered, the assessment (now known as the Graduate Management Admission Test), was taken just over 2,000 times; in recent years, it has been taken more than 230,000 times annually. Initially used in admissions by 54 schools, the test is now used by more than 2,100 schools and 5,900 programs worldwide.

Format and timing

The GMAT exam consists of four sections: An analytical writing assessment, integrated reasoning, the quantitative section, and the verbal section. [16] Total testing time is three and a half hours, but test takers should plan for a total time of approximately four hours, with breaks.

Test takers have 30 minutes for the analytical writing assessment and another 30 minutes to work through 12 questions, which often have multiple parts, on the integrated reasoning section and are given 75 minutes to work through 37 questions in the quantitative section and another 75 minutes to get through 41 questions in the verbal section.

Section	Duration in minutes	Number of questions
Analytical writing assessment	30	N/A
Integrated reasoning	30	12
Quantitative	75	37
Verbal	75	41

The quantitative and verbal sections of the GMAT exam are both multiple-choice and are administered in the computer-adaptive format, adjusting to a test taker's level of ability. At the start of the quantitative and verbal sections, test takers are presented with a question of average difficulty.

As questions are answered correctly, the computer presents the test taker with increasingly difficult questions and as questions are answered incorrectly the computer presents the test taker with questions of decreasing difficulty. This process continues until test takers complete each section, at which point the computer will have an accurate assessment of their ability level in that subject area and come up with a raw score for each section.

Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA)

The AWA consists of one 30-minute writing task—analysis of an argument. It is important to be able to analyze the reasoning behind a given argument and write a critique of that argument. The essay will be given two independent ratings and these ratings are averaged together to determine the test taker's AWA score. One rating is given by a computerized reading evaluation and another is given by a person at GMAC who will read and score the essay themselves without knowledge of what the computerized score was. The automated essay-scoring engine is an electronic system that evaluates more than 50 structural and linguistic features, including organization of ideas, syntactic variety, and topical analysis. If the two ratings differ by more than one point, another evaluation by an expert reader is required to resolve the discrepancy and determine the final score.

The analytical writing assessment is graded on a scale of 1 (the minimum) to 6 (the maximum) in half-point intervals (a score of zero means the answer was gibberish or obviously not written on the assigned topic or the test taker failed to write anything at all on the AWA).

Essay score	Description
1	An essay that is deficient.
2	An essay that is flawed.
3	An essay that is limited.
4	An essay that is adequate.
5	An essay that is strong.
6	An essay that is outstanding.

Integrated reasoning

Integrated Reasoning (IR) is a relatively new section (introduced in June 2012) designed to measure a test taker's ability to evaluate data presented in multiple formats from multiple sources. The skills being tested by the integrated reasoning section were identified in a survey of 740 management faculty worldwide as important for today's incoming students. The integrated reasoning section consists of 12 questions (which often consists of multiple parts themselves) in four different formats: graphics interpretation, two-part analysis, table analysis, and multi-source reasoning. Integrated reasoning scores range from 1-8. Like the Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA), this section is scored separately from the quantitative and verbal section. Performance on the IR and AWA sections do not contribute to the total GMAT score.

The integrated reasoning section includes four question types: table analysis, graphics interpretation, multi-source reasoning, and two-part analysis. In the table analysis section, test takers are presented with a sortable table of information, similar to a spreadsheet, which has to be analyzed. Each question will have several statements with opposite-answer options (e.g., true/false, yes/no), and test takers click on the correct option. Graphics interpretation questions ask test takers to interpret a graph or graphical image. Each question has fill-in-the-blank statements with pull-down menus; test takers must choose the options that make the statements accurate. Multi-source reasoning questions are accompanied by two to three sources of information presented on tabbed pages. Test takers click on the tabs and examine all the relevant information, which may be a combination of text, charts, and tables to answer either traditional multiple-choice or opposite-answer (e.g., yes/no, true/false) questions. Two-part analysis questions involve two components for a solution. Possible answers are given in a table format with a column for each component and rows with possible options. Test takers have to choose one response per column.

Quantitative section

The quantitative section of the GMAT seeks to measure the ability to reason quantitatively, solve quantitative problems, interpret graphic data, and analyze and use information given in a problem. Questions require knowledge of certain algebra, geometry, and arithmetic. There are two types of quantitative questions: problem solving and data sufficiency.The use of calculators is not allowed on the quantitative section of the GMAT. Test takers must do their math work out by hand using a wet erase pen and laminated graph paper which are given to them at the testing center. Scores range from 0 to 60, although GMAC only reports scores between 11 and 51.

Problem solving questions are designed to test the ability to reason quantitatively and to solve quantitative problems. Data sufficiency is a question type unique to the GMAT designed to measure the ability to understand and analyze a quantitative problem, recognize what information is relevant or irrelevant and determine at what point there is enough information to solve a problem or recognize the fact that there is insufficient information given to solve a particular problem.

Verbal section

The verbal section of the GMAT Exam seeks to measure the test taker's ability to read and comprehend written material, reason and evaluate arguments and correct written material to express ideas effectively in standard written English. The question types are reading comprehension, critical reasoning, and sentence correction questions. Scores range from 0 to 60, although they only report scores between 11 and 51.

Reading comprehension passages can be anywhere from one paragraph to several paragraphs long. Reading passages contain material from subject areas like social sciences, history, physical sciences, and business-related areas (marketing, economics, human resource management, etc.). Reading comprehension passages are accompanied by interpretive, applied, and inference questions. This section measures the following abilities:

Understanding words and statements in reading passages
Understanding the logical relationships between significant points and concepts in the reading passages
Drawing inferences from facts and statements in the reading passages
Understanding and following the development of quantitative concepts as they are presented in verbal material
Understanding the author's point of view and their proposed arguments

Critical reasoning questions are designed to test the reasoning skills involved in making arguments, evaluating arguments, and formulating or evaluating a plan of action. Questions are based on materials from a variety of sources. This section measures the following abilities: [23]

Argument construction
Argument evaluation
Formulating and evaluating a plan of action

Sentence Correction questions present five options for the construction of a sentence from which the test taker must select the most effective construction which expresses the intent of the sentence clearly and concisely following the requirements of standard written English"

Scoring

The total GMAT score ranges from 200 to 800 and measures performance on the quantitative and verbal sections together (performance on the AWA and IR sections do not count toward the total score, those sections are scored separately). Scores are given in increments of 10 (e.g. 540, 550, 560, 570, etc.). From the most recent data released by GMAC, the average GMAT score of all test takers is about 540.

The score distribution conforms to a bell curve with a standard deviation of approximately 100 points, meaning that 68% of examinees score between 440 and 640. More precisely, the mean score is 545.6 with a standard deviation of 121.07 points.

The final score is not based solely on the last question the examinee answers (i.e. the level of difficulty of questions reached through the computer adaptive presentation of questions). The algorithm used to build a score is more complicated than that. The examinee can make a mistake and answer incorrectly and the computer will recognize that item as an anomaly. If the examinee misses the first question his score will not necessarily fall in the bottom half of the range.

After previewing his/her unofficial GMAT score, a GMAT test taker has two minutes to decide whether to keep or cancel the GMAT score. If the score is cancelled any future score report will still note that the test taker sat for the GMAT on a certain date. The score will be noted as a "C" and will remain on the score report for 5 years. A cancelled score can be retrieved within 60 days for a fee of $100. After 60 days a cancelled score is not retrievable.

Registration and preparation

Test takers may register for the GMAT either online at mba.com or by calling one of the test centers.To schedule an exam, an appointment must be made at one of the designated test centers. The GMAT may not be taken more than once within 31 days, even if the scores are canceled. Official GMAT exam study materials are available on the mba.com online store and through third-party vendors. The cost of the exam is US $250. All applicants are required to carry their passports to the examination hall without which he or she will not be allowed to take the GMAT exam. Upon completion of the test, test takers have the option of canceling or reporting their scores. As of July 2014, test takers were allowed to view their score before making this decision.

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University/School	Country	Region
Aalto University, Executive Education	Finland	EMEA
Aalto University, School of Business	Finland	EMEA
Aarhus University, Aarhus School of Business	Denmark	EMEA
Abilene Christian University, Graduate School	United States	Americas
Acharya Group of Institutes, Acharya School of Management	India	APAC
Acharya Institute of Management and Sciences, AIMS School of Business	India	APAC
Adams State College, School of Business	United States	Americas
Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management	India	APAC
Adelphi University, School of Business	United States	Americas
Administrative Staff College of India	India	APAC
Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies, School of Graduate Studies	Philippines	APAC
Adventist University of Health Sciences	United States	Americas
Aegis School of Business and Telecommunication	India	APAC
AESE Escola de Direccao e Negocios, AESE	Portugal	EMEA
African Methodist Episcopal University, College of Business and Public Adminstration	Liberia	EMEA
Air Force Institute of Technology	United States	Americas
Al Akhawayn University	Morocco	EMEA
Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University	United States	Americas
Alabama State University, School of Graduate Studies	United States	Americas
Alaska Pacific University, Graduate School	United States	Americas
ALBA Graduate Business School	Greece	EMEA
Albany State University	United States	Americas
Alcorn State University	United States	Americas
Alfred University, College of Business	United States	Americas
Alliance University, Alliance School of Business	India	APAC
Alliant International University, School of Management	United States	Americas
Alvernia College, Graduate Division	United States	Americas
Amberton University, Amber University	United States	Americas
American College of Greece, Graduate School	Greece	EMEA
American College of Thessaloniki	Greece	EMEA
American Councils for International Education	United States	Americas
American Graduate School in Paris	France	EMEA
American Graduate School of Business, Master of International Business Administration Program	Switzerland	EMEA
American Intercontinental University, Atlanta	United States	Americas
American International College, School of International Business	United States	Americas
American International University	Bangladesh	APAC
American Jewish University, Graduate School of Nonprofit Management	United States	Americas
American Language Institute/SDSU, American Language Institute	United States	Americas
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATIONAL HISTORY	United States	Americas
American Sentinel University, American Graduate School of Management	United States	Americas
American University In Bulgaria	Bulgaria	EMEA
American University In Cairo, School of Business	Egypt	EMEA
American University in Dubai, School of Business	United Arab Emirates	EMEA
American University of Armenia	Armenia	EMEA
American University of Beirut, Suliman Olayan School of Business	Lebanon	EMEA
American University of Central Asia, Business Administration	Kyrgyzstan	APAC
American University of Leadership	Morocco	EMEA
American University of Paris, Graduate School of Business	France	EMEA
American University of Sharjah	United Arab Emirates	EMEA
American University, Kogod School of Business	United States	Americas
Amideast, DC	United States	Americas
Amideast, Egypt	Egypt	EMEA
Amideast, Jordan	Jordan	EMEA
Amideast, Tunisia	Tunisia	EMEA
Amideast, Yemen	Yemen	EMEA
Amity Business School	India	APAC
Amridge University, College of Business and Leadership	United States	Americas
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Business	India	APAC
Anaheim University, Graduate School of Business	United States	Americas
Anderson University - Indiana, Falls School of Business	United States	Americas
Anderson University - South Carolina, College of Business	United States	Americas
Andrews University, School of Business	United States	Americas
Angelo State University, Graduate School	United States	Americas
Ansaldo STS	Italy	EMEA
Antioch University, Seattle	United States	Americas
Antwerp Management School	Belgium	EMEA
APBM, NFP, CBM	United States	Americas
Apeejay Education Society, Apeejay School of Management	India	APAC
Apeejay Stya University, School of Management Sciences	India	APAC
Appalachian State University, Cratis D. Williams Graduate School	United States	Americas
Aquinas College, School of Management	United States	Americas
Arab Open University, Faculty of Business Studies	Bahrain	EMEA
Arcadia University	United States	Americas
Argosy University, College of Business Administration	United States	Americas
Argosy University, Nashville Campus	United States	Americas
Arizona State University, College of Design	United States	Americas
Arizona State University, Morrison School of Management & Agribusiness	United States	Americas
Arizona State University, School of Sustainability	United States	Americas
Arizona State University, Thunderbird School of Global Management	United States	Americas
Arizona State University, W. P. Carey School of Business	United States	Americas
Arkansas State University, College of Business	United States	Americas
Armstrong Atlantic State University	United States	Americas
Asbury University, School of Graduate and Professional Studies	United States	Americas
Ashland University, Richard E. & Sandra J. Dauch College of Business & Economics	United States	Americas
Ashridge Business School	United Kingdom	EMEA
Asia Graduate School of Business	India	APAC
Asia School of Business	Malaysia	APAC
Asian Institute of Management, Center for Development Management	Philippines	APAC
Asian Institute of Management, Executive Education & Lifelong Learning Center	Philippines	APAC
Asian Institute of Management, Phillippines	Philippines	APAC
Asian School of Business Management (ASBM)	India	APAC
Aspen University	United States	Americas
Assumption Business Administration College	Thailand	APAC
Aston University, Aston Business School	United Kingdom	EMEA
Athabasca University, Faculty of Business	Canada	Americas
Athens University of Economics and Business	Greece	EMEA
Auburn University at Montgomery, School of Business	United States	Americas
Auburn University, Raymond J. Harbert College of Business	United States	Americas
Auckland University of Technology, Faculty of Business	New Zealand	APAC
Audencia Nantes, School of Management	France	EMEA
Augsburg College	United States	Americas
Aurora University, Dunham School of Business	United States	Americas
Austin Peay State University, College of Graduate Studies	United States	Americas
Australian National University, College of Business and Economics	Australia	APAC
AUSTRIAN FULBRIGHT COMMISSION	Austria	EMEA
Averett University	United States	Americas
Avila University, Department of Business and Economics	United States	Americas
AVT Business Holding A/S, AVT Business School	Denmark	EMEA
Azerbaijan Diplomatic Academy, ADA School of Business	Azerbaijan	EMEA
Azusa Pacific University, School of Business and Management	United States	Americas
Babson College, Franklin W. Olin Graduate School of Business	United States	Americas
Bahcesehir University, Institute for Social Sciences	Turkey	EMEA
Bahria University	Pakistan	APAC
Bainbridge Graduate Institute	United States	Americas
Baker College, Center for Graduate Studies	United States	Americas
Baker University, College of Arts and Sciences	United States	Americas
Bakke Graduate University, School of Business	United States	Americas
Baldwin Wallace University, College of Business Administration	United States	Americas
Ball State University, Miller College of Business	United States	Americas
Bangalore Institute of International Management, B I I M	India	APAC
Bangalore Institute of Management Studies (BIMS)	India	APAC
Bangkok University	Thailand	APAC
Baptist Health System Inc.	United States	Americas
Bard College	United States	Americas
Bar-Ilan University, Graduate School of Business	Israel	EMEA
Barry University	United States	Americas
Barry University, School of Natural & Health Sciences	United States	Americas
Bay Path College	United States	Americas
Baylor University, Army-Baylor	United States	Americas
Baylor University, Hankamer School of Business	United States	Americas
Baylor University, School of Educational Administration	United States	Americas
Belhaven University	United States	Americas
Bellarmine University, W. Fielding Rubel School of Business	United States	Americas
Bellevue University	United States	Americas
Belmont Abbey College	United States	Americas
Belmont University, College of Arts & Sciences	United States	Americas
Belmont University, Jack C. Massey Graduate School of Business	United States	Americas
BEM Bordeaux Management School	France	EMEA
Bemidji State University, School of Graduate Studies	United States	Americas
Ben Gurion University of The Negev	Israel	EMEA
Benedictine College	United States	Americas
Benedictine University, College of Business, Technology and Professional Programs	United States	Americas
Bentley University	United States	Americas
Bentley University, Elkin B. McCallum Graduate School of Business	United States	Americas
Berkeley College, School of Graduate Studies	United States	Americas
Berlin Doctoral Program in Economics and Management Science, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin School of Business and Economics	Germany	EMEA
Berry College, Campbell School of Business	United States	Americas
Bethel College - Indiana, Bethel College	United States	Americas
Bethel College - Tennessee, Bethel College	United States	Americas
BI Norwegian Business School	Norway	EMEA
Bilkent University, School of Business Administration	Turkey	EMEA
Biola University, Crowell School of Business	United States	Americas
Birla Institute of Management Technology	India	APAC
Birzeit University, Faculty of Business and Economics	Palestinian Territory	EMEA
BITS Pilani	India	APAC
Black Hills State University	United States	Americas
Bloomfield College, Division of Acctg, Business, Computer Info. Systems & Economics	United States	Americas
Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, School of Graduate Studies	United States	Americas
Bluffton University, Adult & Graduate Studies	United States	Americas
BML Munjal University, School of Management	India	APAC
Bob Jones University, School of Business Administration	United States	Americas
Bocconi University	Italy	EMEA
Bogazici University	Turkey	EMEA
Boise State University, College of Business and Economics	United States	Americas
Bond University	Australia	APAC
Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences	Germany	EMEA
Boston College, Carroll School of Management	United States	Americas
Boston College, Woods College of Advancing Studies	United States	Americas
Boston University, College of Communication	United States	Americas
Boston University, College of Engineering	United States	Americas
Boston University, Metropolitan College	United States	Americas
Boston University, Questrom School of Business	United States	Americas
Boston University, School of Public Health	United States	Americas
Bowie State University	United States	Americas
Bowling Green State University, College of Business Administration	United States	Americas
BPP University College of Professional Studies, BPP Business School	United Kingdom	EMEA
Bradley University, The Graduate School	United States	Americas
Brandeis University, Brandeis International Business School	United States	Americas
Brandeis University, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management	United States	Americas
Brandman University, School of Business and Professional Studies	United States	Americas
Brenau University, Augusta	United States	Americas
Brenau University, Gainesville	United States	Americas
Brescia University	United States	Americas
Briar Cliff University	United States	Americas
Bridgewater State University, College of Graduate Studies	United States	Americas
Brigham Young University, Marriott School of Management	United States	Americas
Brock University, Goodman School of Business	Canada	Americas
Brunel University	United Kingdom	EMEA
Bryan College	United States	Americas
Bryant University, Graduate School	United States	Americas
Bucknell University	United States	Americas
Business School Lausanne	Switzerland	EMEA
Business School Sao Paulo	Brazil	Americas
Butler University, College of Business Administration	United States	Americas
Caldwell College, Graduate Studies	United States	Americas
California Baptist University	United States	Americas
California Institute of Integral Studies	United States	Americas
California Lutheran University, School of Business Administration	United States	Americas
California Maritime Academy	United States	Americas
California School of Professional Psychology	United States	Americas