GMAT
The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT ) is a computer adaptive test (CAT) intended to assess certain analytical, writing, quantitative, verbal, and reading skills in written English for use in admission to a graduate management program, such as an MBA. The GMAT does not measure business knowledge or skill, nor does it measure intelligence. According to the test owning company, the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC), the GMAT assesses analytical writing and problem-solving abilities, while also addressing data sufficiency, logic, and critical reasoning skills that it believes to be vital to real-world business and management success.
GMAT is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admission Council. More than 5,900 programs offered by more than 2,100 universities and institutions use the GMAT exam as part of the selection criteria for their programs. Business schools use the test as a criterion for admission into a wide range of graduate management programs, including MBA, Master of Accountancy, and Master of Finance programs.
The GMAT exam is administered in standardized test centers in 112 countries around the world. On June 5, 2012, GMAC introduced an integrated reasoning section to the exam that is designed to measure a test taker's ability to evaluate data presented in new formats and multiple sources. According to GMAC, it has continually performed validity studies to statistically verify that the exam predicts success in business school programs.
According to a survey conducted by Kaplan Test Prep, the GMAT is still the number one choice for MBA aspirants despite the increasing acceptability of GRE scores.
History
In 1953, the organization now called the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC) began as an association of nine business schools, whose goal was to develop a standardized test to help business schools select qualified applicants.
In the first year it was offered, the assessment (now known as the Graduate Management Admission Test), was taken just over 2,000 times; in recent years, it has been taken more than 230,000 times annually. Initially used in admissions by 54 schools, the test is now used by more than 2,100 schools and 5,900 programs worldwide.
Format and timing
The GMAT exam consists of four sections: An analytical writing assessment, integrated reasoning, the quantitative section, and the verbal section. [16] Total testing time is three and a half hours, but test takers should plan for a total time of approximately four hours, with breaks.
Test takers have 30 minutes for the analytical writing assessment and another 30 minutes to work through 12 questions, which often have multiple parts, on the integrated reasoning section and are given 75 minutes to work through 37 questions in the quantitative section and another 75 minutes to get through 41 questions in the verbal section.
Section |
Duration in minutes |
Number of questions |
Analytical writing assessment |
30 |
N/A |
Integrated reasoning |
30 |
12 |
Quantitative |
75 |
37 |
Verbal |
75 |
41 |
The quantitative and verbal sections of the GMAT exam are both multiple-choice and are administered in the computer-adaptive format, adjusting to a test taker's level of ability. At the start of the quantitative and verbal sections, test takers are presented with a question of average difficulty.
As questions are answered correctly, the computer presents the test taker with increasingly difficult questions and as questions are answered incorrectly the computer presents the test taker with questions of decreasing difficulty. This process continues until test takers complete each section, at which point the computer will have an accurate assessment of their ability level in that subject area and come up with a raw score for each section.
Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA)
The AWA consists of one 30-minute writing task—analysis of an argument. It is important to be able to analyze the reasoning behind a given argument and write a critique of that argument. The essay will be given two independent ratings and these ratings are averaged together to determine the test taker's AWA score. One rating is given by a computerized reading evaluation and another is given by a person at GMAC who will read and score the essay themselves without knowledge of what the computerized score was. The automated essay-scoring engine is an electronic system that evaluates more than 50 structural and linguistic features, including organization of ideas, syntactic variety, and topical analysis. If the two ratings differ by more than one point, another evaluation by an expert reader is required to resolve the discrepancy and determine the final score.
The analytical writing assessment is graded on a scale of 1 (the minimum) to 6 (the maximum) in half-point intervals (a score of zero means the answer was gibberish or obviously not written on the assigned topic or the test taker failed to write anything at all on the AWA).
Essay score |
Description |
1 |
An essay that is deficient. |
2 |
An essay that is flawed. |
3 |
An essay that is limited. |
4 |
An essay that is adequate. |
5 |
An essay that is strong. |
6 |
An essay that is outstanding. |
Integrated reasoning
Integrated Reasoning (IR) is a relatively new section (introduced in June 2012) designed to measure a test taker's ability to evaluate data presented in multiple formats from multiple sources. The skills being tested by the integrated reasoning section were identified in a survey of 740 management faculty worldwide as important for today's incoming students. The integrated reasoning section consists of 12 questions (which often consists of multiple parts themselves) in four different formats: graphics interpretation, two-part analysis, table analysis, and multi-source reasoning. Integrated reasoning scores range from 1-8. Like the Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA), this section is scored separately from the quantitative and verbal section. Performance on the IR and AWA sections do not contribute to the total GMAT score.
The integrated reasoning section includes four question types: table analysis, graphics interpretation, multi-source reasoning, and two-part analysis. In the table analysis section, test takers are presented with a sortable table of information, similar to a spreadsheet, which has to be analyzed. Each question will have several statements with opposite-answer options (e.g., true/false, yes/no), and test takers click on the correct option. Graphics interpretation questions ask test takers to interpret a graph or graphical image. Each question has fill-in-the-blank statements with pull-down menus; test takers must choose the options that make the statements accurate. Multi-source reasoning questions are accompanied by two to three sources of information presented on tabbed pages. Test takers click on the tabs and examine all the relevant information, which may be a combination of text, charts, and tables to answer either traditional multiple-choice or opposite-answer (e.g., yes/no, true/false) questions. Two-part analysis questions involve two components for a solution. Possible answers are given in a table format with a column for each component and rows with possible options. Test takers have to choose one response per column.
Quantitative section
The quantitative section of the GMAT seeks to measure the ability to reason quantitatively, solve quantitative problems, interpret graphic data, and analyze and use information given in a problem. Questions require knowledge of certain algebra, geometry, and arithmetic. There are two types of quantitative questions: problem solving and data sufficiency.The use of calculators is not allowed on the quantitative section of the GMAT. Test takers must do their math work out by hand using a wet erase pen and laminated graph paper which are given to them at the testing center. Scores range from 0 to 60, although GMAC only reports scores between 11 and 51.
Problem solving questions are designed to test the ability to reason quantitatively and to solve quantitative problems. Data sufficiency is a question type unique to the GMAT designed to measure the ability to understand and analyze a quantitative problem, recognize what information is relevant or irrelevant and determine at what point there is enough information to solve a problem or recognize the fact that there is insufficient information given to solve a particular problem.
Verbal section
The verbal section of the GMAT Exam seeks to measure the test taker's ability to read and comprehend written material, reason and evaluate arguments and correct written material to express ideas effectively in standard written English. The question types are reading comprehension, critical reasoning, and sentence correction questions. Scores range from 0 to 60, although they only report scores between 11 and 51.
Reading comprehension passages can be anywhere from one paragraph to several paragraphs long. Reading passages contain material from subject areas like social sciences, history, physical sciences, and business-related areas (marketing, economics, human resource management, etc.). Reading comprehension passages are accompanied by interpretive, applied, and inference questions. This section measures the following abilities:
- Understanding words and statements in reading passages
- Understanding the logical relationships between significant points and concepts in the reading passages
- Drawing inferences from facts and statements in the reading passages
- Understanding and following the development of quantitative concepts as they are presented in verbal material
- Understanding the author's point of view and their proposed arguments
Critical reasoning questions are designed to test the reasoning skills involved in making arguments, evaluating arguments, and formulating or evaluating a plan of action. Questions are based on materials from a variety of sources. This section measures the following abilities: [23]
- Argument construction
- Argument evaluation
- Formulating and evaluating a plan of action
Sentence Correction questions present five options for the construction of a sentence from which the test taker must select the most effective construction which expresses the intent of the sentence clearly and concisely following the requirements of standard written English"
Scoring
The total GMAT score ranges from 200 to 800 and measures performance on the quantitative and verbal sections together (performance on the AWA and IR sections do not count toward the total score, those sections are scored separately). Scores are given in increments of 10 (e.g. 540, 550, 560, 570, etc.). From the most recent data released by GMAC, the average GMAT score of all test takers is about 540.
The score distribution conforms to a bell curve with a standard deviation of approximately 100 points, meaning that 68% of examinees score between 440 and 640. More precisely, the mean score is 545.6 with a standard deviation of 121.07 points.
The final score is not based solely on the last question the examinee answers (i.e. the level of difficulty of questions reached through the computer adaptive presentation of questions). The algorithm used to build a score is more complicated than that. The examinee can make a mistake and answer incorrectly and the computer will recognize that item as an anomaly. If the examinee misses the first question his score will not necessarily fall in the bottom half of the range.
After previewing his/her unofficial GMAT score, a GMAT test taker has two minutes to decide whether to keep or cancel the GMAT score. If the score is cancelled any future score report will still note that the test taker sat for the GMAT on a certain date. The score will be noted as a "C" and will remain on the score report for 5 years. A cancelled score can be retrieved within 60 days for a fee of $100. After 60 days a cancelled score is not retrievable.
Registration and preparation
Test takers may register for the GMAT either online at mba.com or by calling one of the test centers.To schedule an exam, an appointment must be made at one of the designated test centers. The GMAT may not be taken more than once within 31 days, even if the scores are canceled. Official GMAT exam study materials are available on the mba.com online store and through third-party vendors. The cost of the exam is US $250. All applicants are required to carry their passports to the examination hall without which he or she will not be allowed to take the GMAT exam. Upon completion of the test, test takers have the option of canceling or reporting their scores. As of July 2014, test takers were allowed to view their score before making this decision.
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University/School |
Country |
Region |
Aalto University, Executive Education |
Finland |
EMEA |
Aalto University, School of Business |
Finland |
EMEA |
Aarhus University, Aarhus School of Business |
Denmark |
EMEA |
Abilene Christian University, Graduate School |
United States |
Americas |
Acharya Group of Institutes, Acharya School of Management |
India |
APAC |
Acharya Institute of Management and Sciences, AIMS School of Business |
India |
APAC |
Adams State College, School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management |
India |
APAC |
Adelphi University, School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Administrative Staff College of India |
India |
APAC |
Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies, School of Graduate Studies |
Philippines |
APAC |
Adventist University of Health Sciences |
United States |
Americas |
Aegis School of Business and Telecommunication |
India |
APAC |
AESE Escola de Direccao e Negocios, AESE |
Portugal |
EMEA |
African Methodist Episcopal University, College of Business and Public Adminstration |
Liberia |
EMEA |
Air Force Institute of Technology |
United States |
Americas |
Al Akhawayn University |
Morocco |
EMEA |
Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University |
United States |
Americas |
Alabama State University, School of Graduate Studies |
United States |
Americas |
Alaska Pacific University, Graduate School |
United States |
Americas |
ALBA Graduate Business School |
Greece |
EMEA |
Albany State University |
United States |
Americas |
Alcorn State University |
United States |
Americas |
Alfred University, College of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Alliance University, Alliance School of Business |
India |
APAC |
Alliant International University, School of Management |
United States |
Americas |
Alvernia College, Graduate Division |
United States |
Americas |
Amberton University, Amber University |
United States |
Americas |
American College of Greece, Graduate School |
Greece |
EMEA |
American College of Thessaloniki |
Greece |
EMEA |
American Councils for International Education |
United States |
Americas |
American Graduate School in Paris |
France |
EMEA |
American Graduate School of Business, Master of International Business Administration Program |
Switzerland |
EMEA |
American Intercontinental University, Atlanta |
United States |
Americas |
American International College, School of International Business |
United States |
Americas |
American International University |
Bangladesh |
APAC |
American Jewish University, Graduate School of Nonprofit Management |
United States |
Americas |
American Language Institute/SDSU, American Language Institute |
United States |
Americas |
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATIONAL HISTORY |
United States |
Americas |
American Sentinel University, American Graduate School of Management |
United States |
Americas |
American University In Bulgaria |
Bulgaria |
EMEA |
American University In Cairo, School of Business |
Egypt |
EMEA |
American University in Dubai, School of Business |
United Arab Emirates |
EMEA |
American University of Armenia |
Armenia |
EMEA |
American University of Beirut, Suliman Olayan School of Business |
Lebanon |
EMEA |
American University of Central Asia, Business Administration |
Kyrgyzstan |
APAC |
American University of Leadership |
Morocco |
EMEA |
American University of Paris, Graduate School of Business |
France |
EMEA |
American University of Sharjah |
United Arab Emirates |
EMEA |
American University, Kogod School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Amideast, DC |
United States |
Americas |
Amideast, Egypt |
Egypt |
EMEA |
Amideast, Jordan |
Jordan |
EMEA |
Amideast, Tunisia |
Tunisia |
EMEA |
Amideast, Yemen |
Yemen |
EMEA |
Amity Business School |
India |
APAC |
Amridge University, College of Business and Leadership |
United States |
Americas |
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Business |
India |
APAC |
Anaheim University, Graduate School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Anderson University - Indiana, Falls School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Anderson University - South Carolina, College of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Andrews University, School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Angelo State University, Graduate School |
United States |
Americas |
Ansaldo STS |
Italy |
EMEA |
Antioch University, Seattle |
United States |
Americas |
Antwerp Management School |
Belgium |
EMEA |
APBM, NFP, CBM |
United States |
Americas |
Apeejay Education Society, Apeejay School of Management |
India |
APAC |
Apeejay Stya University, School of Management Sciences |
India |
APAC |
Appalachian State University, Cratis D. Williams Graduate School |
United States |
Americas |
Aquinas College, School of Management |
United States |
Americas |
Arab Open University, Faculty of Business Studies |
Bahrain |
EMEA |
Arcadia University |
United States |
Americas |
Argosy University, College of Business Administration |
United States |
Americas |
Argosy University, Nashville Campus |
United States |
Americas |
Arizona State University, College of Design |
United States |
Americas |
Arizona State University, Morrison School of Management & Agribusiness |
United States |
Americas |
Arizona State University, School of Sustainability |
United States |
Americas |
Arizona State University, Thunderbird School of Global Management |
United States |
Americas |
Arizona State University, W. P. Carey School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Arkansas State University, College of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Armstrong Atlantic State University |
United States |
Americas |
Asbury University, School of Graduate and Professional Studies |
United States |
Americas |
Ashland University, Richard E. & Sandra J. Dauch College of Business & Economics |
United States |
Americas |
Ashridge Business School |
United Kingdom |
EMEA |
Asia Graduate School of Business |
India |
APAC |
Asia School of Business |
Malaysia |
APAC |
Asian Institute of Management, Center for Development Management |
Philippines |
APAC |
Asian Institute of Management, Executive Education & Lifelong Learning Center |
Philippines |
APAC |
Asian Institute of Management, Phillippines |
Philippines |
APAC |
Asian School of Business Management (ASBM) |
India |
APAC |
Aspen University |
United States |
Americas |
Assumption Business Administration College |
Thailand |
APAC |
Aston University, Aston Business School |
United Kingdom |
EMEA |
Athabasca University, Faculty of Business |
Canada |
Americas |
Athens University of Economics and Business |
Greece |
EMEA |
Auburn University at Montgomery, School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Auburn University, Raymond J. Harbert College of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Auckland University of Technology, Faculty of Business |
New Zealand |
APAC |
Audencia Nantes, School of Management |
France |
EMEA |
Augsburg College |
United States |
Americas |
Aurora University, Dunham School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Austin Peay State University, College of Graduate Studies |
United States |
Americas |
Australian National University, College of Business and Economics |
Australia |
APAC |
AUSTRIAN FULBRIGHT COMMISSION |
Austria |
EMEA |
Averett University |
United States |
Americas |
Avila University, Department of Business and Economics |
United States |
Americas |
AVT Business Holding A/S, AVT Business School |
Denmark |
EMEA |
Azerbaijan Diplomatic Academy, ADA School of Business |
Azerbaijan |
EMEA |
Azusa Pacific University, School of Business and Management |
United States |
Americas |
Babson College, Franklin W. Olin Graduate School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Bahcesehir University, Institute for Social Sciences |
Turkey |
EMEA |
Bahria University |
Pakistan |
APAC |
Bainbridge Graduate Institute |
United States |
Americas |
Baker College, Center for Graduate Studies |
United States |
Americas |
Baker University, College of Arts and Sciences |
United States |
Americas |
Bakke Graduate University, School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Baldwin Wallace University, College of Business Administration |
United States |
Americas |
Ball State University, Miller College of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Bangalore Institute of International Management, B I I M |
India |
APAC |
Bangalore Institute of Management Studies (BIMS) |
India |
APAC |
Bangkok University |
Thailand |
APAC |
Baptist Health System Inc. |
United States |
Americas |
Bard College |
United States |
Americas |
Bar-Ilan University, Graduate School of Business |
Israel |
EMEA |
Barry University |
United States |
Americas |
Barry University, School of Natural & Health Sciences |
United States |
Americas |
Bay Path College |
United States |
Americas |
Baylor University, Army-Baylor |
United States |
Americas |
Baylor University, Hankamer School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Baylor University, School of Educational Administration |
United States |
Americas |
Belhaven University |
United States |
Americas |
Bellarmine University, W. Fielding Rubel School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Bellevue University |
United States |
Americas |
Belmont Abbey College |
United States |
Americas |
Belmont University, College of Arts & Sciences |
United States |
Americas |
Belmont University, Jack C. Massey Graduate School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
BEM Bordeaux Management School |
France |
EMEA |
Bemidji State University, School of Graduate Studies |
United States |
Americas |
Ben Gurion University of The Negev |
Israel |
EMEA |
Benedictine College |
United States |
Americas |
Benedictine University, College of Business, Technology and Professional Programs |
United States |
Americas |
Bentley University |
United States |
Americas |
Bentley University, Elkin B. McCallum Graduate School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Berkeley College, School of Graduate Studies |
United States |
Americas |
Berlin Doctoral Program in Economics and Management Science, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin School of Business and Economics |
Germany |
EMEA |
Berry College, Campbell School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Bethel College - Indiana, Bethel College |
United States |
Americas |
Bethel College - Tennessee, Bethel College |
United States |
Americas |
BI Norwegian Business School |
Norway |
EMEA |
Bilkent University, School of Business Administration |
Turkey |
EMEA |
Biola University, Crowell School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Birla Institute of Management Technology |
India |
APAC |
Birzeit University, Faculty of Business and Economics |
Palestinian Territory |
EMEA |
BITS Pilani |
India |
APAC |
Black Hills State University |
United States |
Americas |
Bloomfield College, Division of Acctg, Business, Computer Info. Systems & Economics |
United States |
Americas |
Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, School of Graduate Studies |
United States |
Americas |
Bluffton University, Adult & Graduate Studies |
United States |
Americas |
BML Munjal University, School of Management |
India |
APAC |
Bob Jones University, School of Business Administration |
United States |
Americas |
Bocconi University |
Italy |
EMEA |
Bogazici University |
Turkey |
EMEA |
Boise State University, College of Business and Economics |
United States |
Americas |
Bond University |
Australia |
APAC |
Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences |
Germany |
EMEA |
Boston College, Carroll School of Management |
United States |
Americas |
Boston College, Woods College of Advancing Studies |
United States |
Americas |
Boston University, College of Communication |
United States |
Americas |
Boston University, College of Engineering |
United States |
Americas |
Boston University, Metropolitan College |
United States |
Americas |
Boston University, Questrom School of Business |
United States |
Americas |
Boston University, School of Public Health |
United States |
Americas |
Bowie State University |
United States |
Americas |
Bowling Green State University, College of Business Administration |
United States |
Americas |
BPP University College of Professional Studies, BPP Business School |
United Kingdom |
EMEA |
Bradley University, The Graduate School |
United States |
Americas |
Brandeis University, Brandeis International Business School |
United States |
Americas |
Brandeis University, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management |
United States |
Americas |
Brandman University, School of Business and Professional Studies |
United States |
Americas |
Brenau University, Augusta |
United States |
Americas |
Brenau University, Gainesville |
United States |
Americas |
Brescia University |
United States |
Americas |
Briar Cliff University |
United States |
Americas |
Bridgewater State University, College of Graduate Studies |
United States |
Americas |
Brigham Young University, Marriott School of Management |
United States |
Americas |
Brock University, Goodman School of Business |
Canada |
Americas |
Brunel University |
United Kingdom |
EMEA |
Bryan College |
United States |
Americas |
Bryant University, Graduate School |
United States |
Americas |
Bucknell University |
United States |
Americas |
Business School Lausanne |
Switzerland |
EMEA |
Business School Sao Paulo |
Brazil |
Americas |
Butler University, College of Business Administration |
United States |
Americas |
Caldwell College, Graduate Studies |
United States |
Americas |
California Baptist University |
United States |
Americas |
California Institute of Integral Studies |
United States |
Americas |
California Lutheran University, School of Business Administration |
United States |
Americas |
California Maritime Academy |
United States |
Americas |
California School of Professional Psychology |
United States |
Americas |